نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زمین‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران

2 پژوهشکده علوم زمین، سازمان زمین‎شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور، تهران، ایران

3 گروه زمین‌شناسی ، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

4 گروه زمین‌شناسی، دانشگاه هولوآ، هولوآ، اسپانیا

چکیده

توده خانکندی در شمال باختر ایران و پهنه قره داغ (ارسباران)- ارمنستان جنوبی قرار دارد. رخنمون‌های چیره شامل سنگ‌های گرانودیوریتی و مونزونیتی هستند که همراه با آنها گابروها و دایک‌های داسیتی و لامپروفیری نیز رخنمون دارند. پلوتونیسم گرانودیوریتی در توده خانکندی با نفوذ مونزونیت‌ها و گابروها دنبال ‌شده است و در نهایت دایک‌های داسیتی و لامپروفیری جایگزین شده‌اند. مونزونیت‌ها و گابروها، ماهیت شوشونیتی و گرانودیوریت‌ها و داسیت‌ها ماهیت کلسیمی- قلیایی پتاسیم بالا و ویژگی‌های آداکیت‌های نوع C (پتاسیمی یا قاره‌ای) و گرانیتوییدهای سرشار از باریم و استرانسیم را نشان می‌دهند. لامپروفیرها ماهیت قلیایی و کامپتونیتی دارند. مونزونیت‌ها از تحول گابروها همراه با مقدارکمی آلایش پوسته‌ای و آمیختگی ایجاد شده‌اند. ذوب منابع پوسته مافیک زیرین گارنت‌دار، گوشته سنگ‌کره‌ای(لیتوسفری) متاسوماتیسم شده و نرم‌کره (استنوسفر)بالارونده، به‌ترتیب سبب ایجاد ماگماهای گرانودیوریتی و داسیتی، گابروی شوشونیتی و لامپروفیرها شده است. تولید انواع مختلف ماگماها در منطقه ارسباران در الیگوسن، در پاسخ به فرایندهای شکسته‌شدن قطعه فرورونده ویا پوسته‌پوسته‌شدن (Delamination) گوشته سنگ‌کره‌ای و بالا آمدن نرم‌کره رخ داده است که پس از فرایند برخورد ورقه‌‌های ایران و عربستان و ستبرشدگی پوسته‌ای، در یک محیط کششی پس از برخوردی تشکیل شده‌اند.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

کتابنگاری
آقازاده، م.، 1385- نقشه زمینشناسی توده خانکندی و نواحی مجاور به مقیاس 1:20000.
آقازاده ، م.، 1388- پترولوژی و ژئوشیمی توده‌های نفوذی شمال و شرق اهر (شیورداغ، خانکندی، انزان و یوسفلو) با نگرشی بر کانی زایی وابسته، رساله دکتری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس،  470 صفحه
آقانباتی، س. ع.، 1383- زمین‌شناسی ایران، انتشارات سازمان زمینشناسی کشور.
زمانی، دولق، ر.، 1379- مطالعه زمینشناسی و پتروژئوشیمیایی سنگ‌های پلوتونیک و ولکانیک تودههای جنوب غرب مشکینشهر و ارتباط با ژنز مس و مولیبدن؛ رساله کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه تبریز، 379 صفحه.
نقشه زمین‌شناسی چهارگوش اهر به مقیاس 1:250000، 1370- سازمان زمین‌شناسی کشور.
 
References
Adamia, Sh.  A., Lordkipanidze, M. B. & Zakariadze, G. S., 1977- Evolution of an active continental margin as exemplified by the alpine history of the Caucasus. Tectonophysics, 40, 183-199.
Adamia, Sh. A., Chkhotua, T., Kekelia, M., Lordkipanidze, M. B. & Shavishvili, I., 1981- Tectonics of the Caucasus and adjacent regions: implications for evolution of the Tethys Ocean. Journal of Structural Geology, 3 (4), 437-447.
Aghazadeh, M., Castro, A., Rashidnejhad Omran, N., Emami, M. H., Moinvaziri, H. & Badrzadeh, Z., 2010- The gabbro (shoshonitic)– monzonite–granodiorite association of Khankandi pluton, Alborz Mountains, NW Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 38 , 199–219.
Ajaji, T., Weis, D., Giret, A. & Bouabdellah, M., 1998- Coeval potassic and sodic calc-alkaline series in the post-collisional Hercynian Tanncherfi intrusive complex, northeastern Morocco: geochemical, isotopic and geochronological evidence. Lithos, 45, 371-393.
Atherton, M. P. & Petford, N., 1993- Generation of sodium-rich magmas from newly underplated basaltic crust. Nature, 362, 144-146.
Azambre, B., Rossy, M. & Albarede, F., 1992- Petrology of the alkaline magmatism from the Cretaceous North-Pyrenean Rift Zone (France and Spain). European Journal of Mineralogy, 4, 813–834.
Bacon, C. R., 1990- Calc-alkaline, shoshonitic, and primitive tholeiitic lavas from monogenetic volcanoes near Crater Lake, Oregon. Journal of petrology, 31, 135–166.
Batchelor, E. D. & Bowden, P., 1985- Petrogenetic interpretation of granitoid rocks series, using multicationic parameters. Chemical geology, 48, 43-55.
Bea, F., Montero, P. & Molina, J. F., 1999- Mafic precursors, peraluminous granitoids, and late lamprophyres in the Avila Batholith: a model for the generation of Variscan batholiths in Iberia. Journal of Geology, 107, 399–419.
Berberian, M. & King, G. C., 1981- towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran, Canadian journal of Earth science, 18, 210-265.
Berberian, F. & Berberian, M., 1981- Tectono-plutonic episodes in Iran, In: Gupta, H.K., Delany, F.M. (Eds.), Zagros. Hindu Kush, Himalaya Geodynamic Evolution. Geodynamic Symposium, vol. 3. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 5– 32.
Berberian, M., 1983- The southern Caspian: a compressional depression floored by a trapped, modified oceanic crust. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 20, 163–183.
Bloomer, S. H., Stern, R. J., Fisk, E. & Geschwind, C. H., 1989- Shoshonitic volcanism in the Northern Mariana arc: 1. Mineralogic and major and trace element characteristics. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 4469–4496.
Brunet, M. F., Korotaev, M. V., Ershov, A. V. & Nikishin, A. M., 2003- The South Caspian Basin: a review of its evolution from subsidence modeling. Structural geology, 156, pp.119-148.
Castillo, P. R., Janney, P. E. & Solidum, R., 1999- Petrology and geochemistry of Camiguin Island, southern Philippines: insights into the source of adakite and other lavas in a complex arc tectonic setting. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology, 134: 33―51.
Chappell, B. W. & White, A. J. R., 1974- Two contrasting granite types. Pacific Geology, 8, 173-174.
Chen, B., Jahn, B. M., Arakawa, Y. & Zhai, M. G., 2004- Petrogenesis of the  Mesozoic intrusive complexes from the southern Taihang Orogen, North China Craton: elemental and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic constraints. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 148, 489–501.
Chen, B., Tian, W., Zhai, M. G. & Arakawa, Y., 2005- Zircon U–Pb geochronology and geochemistry of the Mesozoic magmatism in the Taihang Mountains and other places of the North China craton, with implications for petrogenesis and geodynamic setting. Acta Geologica Sinica, 21, 13–24, (in Chinese with English abstract).
Chung, S. L., Liu, D. Y., Chu, M. F., Lee, H. Y., Wen, D. J., Lo, C. H., Lee, T. Y., Qain, Q. & Zhang, Q., 2003- Adakites from continental collision zones: Melting of thickened lower crust beneath southern Tibet. Geology, 31, 1021-4.
Conceicao, R. V. & Green, D. H., 2004- Derivation of potassic (shoshonitic) magmas by decompression melting of phlogopite+pargasite lherzolite. Lithos, 72, 209– 229.
Conrey, R. M., Sherrod, D. R., Hooper, P. R. & Swanson, D. A., 1997- Diverse primitive magmas in the Cascade arc, northern Oregon and southern Washington. Canadian journal of mineralogy, 35, 367– 396.
De la Roche, H., Leterrier, J., Grand Claude, P. & Marchal, M., 1980- A classification of volcanic and plutonic rocks using R1-R2 diagrams and major element analyses—its relationship with current nomenclature. Chemical Geology, 29, 183– 210.
Deer, F. R. S., Howie, R. A. & Zussman, J., 1966- An introduction to the rock forming minerals. V. 1-5, John Wiley and sons, New York, 530.
Defant, M. J., Xu, J. F., Kepezhinskas, P., Wang, Q., Zhang, Q. & Xiao, L., 2002- Adakites: some variations on a theme. Acta petrology Sinica, 18, 129-142.
Defant, M. J. & Drummond, M. S., 1990- Derivation of some modern arc magmas by melting of young subducted lithosphere. Nature, 347: 662–665.
Didon, F. & Gemain, M., Y., 1976- Le Asabalan, Volcano Plio-Quaternaire de Azerbaijan oriental (Iran), Stude geologique et petrographique du l edifice et de son environment regional. these, 3 eme cycle, universite Grenoble, France.
Dostal, J. & Owen, J. V., 1998- Cretaceous alkaline lamprophyres from northeastern Czech Republic: geochemistry and petrogenesis. International journal of Earth sciences, 87: 67–77.
Drummond, M. S. & Defant, M. J., 1990- A model for trondhjemite–tonalite–dacite genesis and crustal growth via slab melting: Archaean to modern comparisons. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 21503–21521.
Eklund, O., Konopelko, D., Rutanen, H., Frfjdf, S. & Shebanov, A. D., 1998- 1.8 Ga Svecofennian post-collisional shoshonitic magmatism in the Fennoscandian Shield. Lithos, 45, 87–108.
Foley, S. F., Venturelli, G., Green, D. H. & Toscani, L., 1987- The ultrapotassic rocks: characteristics, classification and constraints for petrogenetic models. Earth Science Review, 24, 81-134.
Fowler, M. B. , Henney, P. J., Darbyshire, D. P. F. & Greenwood, P. B., 2001- petrogenesis of high Ba-Sr granits: the Rogart pluton Sutherland. Journal of Geological Society of London, 158, 521-534.
Fowler, M. B. & Henney, P. J., 1996- Mixed Caledonian appenite magmas: implication for lamprophyre fractionation and high Ba- Sr Granite genesis. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 126, 199-215.
Furman, T. & Graham, D., 1999- Erosion of lithospheric mantle beneath the East African Rift system: geochemical evidence from the Kivu volcanic province. Lithos, 48:  237– 262.
Gamkrelidze, I. P., 1986- Geodynamic of the Caucasus and adjacent areas in Alpine time. Tectonophysics, 127, 261-277.
Ghasemi, A. & Talbot, C. J., 2006- A new tectonic scenario for the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (Iran). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 26, 683–693.
Gill, J. & Whelan, P., 1989- Early rifting of an oceanic island arc (Fiji) produced shoshonitic to tholeiitic basalts. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 4561– 4578.
Golonka, J., 2000- Geodynamic evolution of the South Caspian Basin. Istanbul 2000, AAPG’s Inaugural Regional International Conference, Istanbul, Turkey. 40– 45 (Abstract volume).
Golonka, J., Osczypko, N. & Slaczka, A., 2000- Late Carboniferous Neogene geodynamic evolution and paleogeography of the circum-Carpathian region and adjacent area. Annals Societatis Geologorum Poloniae,70, 107– 136.
Gromet, L. P. & Silver, L., 1987- REE variations across the Peninsular Ranges Batholith: implications for batholithic petrogenesis and crustal growth in magmatic arcs. Journal of Petrology, 28, 75–125.
Hafkenscheid, E., Wortel, M. & Spakman, J. E. R, 2006- Subduction history of the Tethyan derived seismic tomography and tectonic reconstruction. Tectonics, 111, 1–26.
Harker, A., 1909- The natural history of igneous rocks. Macmillan, New York.
Harris, N. B. W., Pearce, J. A. & Tindle, A. G., 1986- Geochemical charastristics of collision zone magmatism In: Collision tectonics. 67-81, Geological Society of London Special Publication, 19.
Hirayama,  K., Samimi, M., Zahedi,  M. & Hushmandzadeh, A., 1969- Geology of the Tarom district , westren part (Zanjan area , northwest, Iran). Geological Survey of Iran, 8, 31p.
Horton, B. K., Hassanzadeh, J., Stockli, D. F., Axen, G. J., Gillis, R. J., Guest, B., Amini, A., Fakhari, M. D., Zamanzadeh, S. M. & Grove, M., 2008- Detrital zircon provenance of Neoproterozoic to Cenozoic deposits in Iran:Implications for chronostratigraphy and collisional tectonics, Tectonophysics.
Jiang, Y. H., Jiang, S. Y., Ling, H. F., Zhou, X. R., Rui, X. J. & Yang, W. Z., 2002- Petrology and geochemistry of shoshonitic plutons from the western Kunlun orogenic belt, China: implications for granitoid geneses. Lithos, 63: 165– 187.
Jiang, Y. H., Ling, H. F., Jiang, S. Y., Fan, H. H., Shen, W. Z. & Pei, N., 2005- Petrogenesis of Late Jurassic peraluminous volcanic complex and its high-Mg potassic quenched enclaves at Xiangshan, southeast China. Journal of Petrology, 46, 1121–1154.
Kay, R. W., 1978- Aleutian magnesian andesites: melts from subducted Pacific Ocean crust. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal  Research, 4: 117– 132.
Kay, R. W. & Kay, S. M., 1993- Delamination and delamination magmatism. Tectonophysics, 219, 177-189.
Kazmin, V. G., Sbortshikov, I. M., Ricou, L. E., Zonenshin, L. P., Boulin, J. & Knipper, A. L., 1986- Volcanic belts as remarks of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic active margin of Eurasia. Tectonophysics, 123, 123-152.
Khain, V. E. , 1977- critical composition of mobilistic models of tectonic development of the Caucasus. In international symposium of the Mediterranean basins, split (Yugoslavia). Edited by Biju – Duval B., Montadert L., Paris, 353-362.
Knipper, A. L., Sharaskin, A. Y. & Voznesenskii, A. I., 2001- Ophio- lite-clastic breccias of the Lesser Caucasus: structural features and origin. Geotectonics 35, 199– 206.
Knipper, A. L. & Sokolov, S. D., 1974- Pre-upper Senonian tectonic sheets in the Lesser Caucasus. Geotectonics 1, 357– 361.
Leake, B. E., Woolle, A. R., Arps, C. E. S., Birch, W. D., Gilbert, M. C., Grice, J. D., Hawthorne, F. C., Kato, A., Kisch, H. J., Krivovichev, V. G., Linthout, K., Laird, J., Mandarino, J. A., Maresch, W. V., Nickel, E. H., Rock, N. M. S., Schumacher, J. C., Smith, D. C., Stephenson, N. C. N., Ungaretti, L., Whittaker, E. J. W. & Youzhi, G., 1997-  Nomenclature of amphiboles; report of the subcommittee on amphiboles of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. Canadian Mineralogist, 35, 219–246.
Liegeois, J. P., Navez, J., Hertogen, J. & Black, R., 1998- Contrasting origin of post-collisional high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonitic versus alkaline and peralkaline granitoids; the use of sliding normalization. Lithos, 45, 1– 28.
Maniar, P. D. & Piccoli, P. M., 1989- Tectonic discrimination of granites. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 101, 635-643.
Martin, H., Smithies, R., Rapp, R., Moyen, J. F. & Champion, D., 2005- An overview of adakite, tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG), and sanukitoid: relationships and some implications for crustal evolution. Lithos, 79, 1-24.
Menzies, M. A., Wass, S. Y., 1983- CO2 and LREE-rich mantle below eastern Australia: a REE and isotopic study of alkaline magmas and apatite-rich mantle xenoliths from the southern highlands province, Australia. Earth Planet Science Letters, 65, 287–302.
Morimoto, N., 1988- Nomenclature of pyroxenes. Fortschral Mineralogy, 66, 237–252.
Morrison, G. W., 1980- Characteristics and tectonic selling of the shoshonite rock association. Lilhos, 13, 97-108.
Muir, R. J., Weaver, S. D., Bradshaw, J. D., Eby, G. N. & Evans, J. A., 1995- Geochemistry of the Cretaceous Separation Point Batholith, New Zealand: granitoid magmas formed by melting of mafic lithosphere. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 152, 689–701.
Müller, D. & Groves, D. I., 1995- Potassic Igneous Rocks and Associated Gold–Copper Mineralization. Springer-Verlag, Berling.
Mungall, J. E., 2002- Roasting the mantle: slab melting and the genesis of major Au and Au-rich Cu deposits. Geology, 30, 915–918.
Nakamura, N., 1974- Determination of REE, Ba, Fe, Mg, Na, and K in carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites.  Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 38, 757–775.
Omrani, J., Agard, P., Whitechurch, H., Benoit, M., Prouteau, G. & Jolivet, L., 2008- Arc-magmatism and subduction history beneath the Zagros Mountains, Iran: A new report of adakites and geodynamic consequences. Lithos, 108, 380-398.
Patin˜o Douce, A. E., 1996- Effects of pressure and H2O content on the composition of primary crustal melts. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, 87, 11–21.
Patin˜o Douce, A. E., 1999- What do experiments tell us about the relative contributions of crust and mantle to the origin of granitic magmas? In: Castro, A., Fern_andez, C. & Vigneresse, J. L. (eds) Understanding Granites: Integrating New and Classical Techniques. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 168, 55-75.
Peacock, S. M., 1990- Fluid processes in subduction zones. Science, 248 329–337.
Pearce, J. A., Harris, N. B. & Tindle, A. G., 1984- Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology, 25, 956-983.
Pearce, J. A., 1982- Trace element characteristics of lavas from destructive plate margins. In: R.S. Thorpe (Editor), Andesites: Orogenic Andesites and Related Rocks. Wiley, New York, pp. 525- 548.
Pearce, J. A., 1996- A user's guide to basalt discrimination diagrams. In: Wyman, D. A. (ed.) Trace Element Geochemistry of Volcanic Rocks: Applications for Massive Sulphide Exploration. Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes 12, 79–113.
Peccerillo, R. & Taylor, S. R., 1976- Geochemistry of Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonu area, Northern Turkey. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology, 58, 63-81.
Petford, N. & Atherton, M., 1996- Na-rich partial melts from newly underplated basaltic crust: the Cordillera Blanca batholith, Peru. Journal of Petrology, 37, 1491– 1521.
Petford, N. & Gallagher, G., 2001- Partial melting of mafic (amphibolitic) lower crust by periodic influx of basaltic magma. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 193, 483–499.
Qian, Q., Chung, S. L., Lee, T. Y. & Wen, D. J., 2003- Mesozoic high Ba-Sr granitoids from north China: geochemical characteristics and geological implications. Terra Nova, 15, 272-278.
Rapp, R. P., Shimizu, N., Norman, M. D. & Applegate, G. S., 1999- Reaction between slab-derived melts and peridotites in the mantle wedge: experimental constraints at 3.8 GPa. Chemical Geology, 160, 335–356.
Rapp, R. P., Xiao, L., Shimizu, N. M., 2002, Experimental constraints on the origin of potassium-rich adakites in east China. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 18, 293–311.
Roberts, M. P. & Clemens, J. D., 1993- Origin of high-potassium, calc-alkaline, I-type granitoids. Geology, 21, 825–828.
Rock N. M. S., 1991- Lamprophyres, 285 pp.
Rogers, N. W., De Mulder, M. & Hawkesworth, C. J., 1992- An enriched mantle source for potassic basanites: evidence from Karisimbi volcano, Virunga volcanic province, Rwanda. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 111, 543-556.
Skjerlie, K. P. & Patin˜o Douce, A. E., 2002- The fluid-absent partial melting of a zoisite-bearing quartz eclogite from 1_0 to 3_2 GPa: implications for melting in thickened continental crust and for subduction-zone processes. Journal of Petrology, 43, 291–314.
Stocklin, J., 1974- Possible ancient continental margin in Iran. In: Burk, C.A., Drake, C.L. (Eds.), The Geology of Continental margins. Springer Verlag, pp. 873– 887.
Stocklin, J. & Eftekhar- nezhad, J., 1969- Explanatory text of the Zanjan Quadrangle map , 1:250000, Geological Survey of Iran, 59p.
Sun, C. H., Stern, R. J., 2001- Genesis of Mariana shoshonites: contribution of the subduction component. J. Geophysical Research, 106, 589– 608.
Sun, S. S. & McDonough, W. F., 1989- Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders A.D., Norry M.J., (eds) Magmatism in the ocean basins. Geological Society of London Special Publication, 42, 313–345.
Sylvester, P. J., 1998- Post-collisional alkaline granites. The Journal of Geology, 97, 261–280.
Tarney, J. & Jones, C. E., 1994- Trace element geochemistry of orogenic igneous rocks and crustal growth models. Journal of the Geological Society London,151, 855– 868.
Taylor, S. R. & McLennan, S. M., 1985- The Continental Crust: its composition and evolution. Blackwell, Oxford.
Thompson, R. N., 1985- Asthenospheric source of Ugandan ultrapotassic magma?, Journal of Geology, 93, 603-608.
Thompson, R. N., 1982- Magmatism of the British Ikrtiary volcanic province. Scottish Journal of Geology, 18, 49-107.
Turner, S., Arnaud, N., Liu, J., Rogers, N., Hawkesworth, C., Harris, N., Kelley, S., van Calsteren, P. & Deng, W., 1996- Postcollision, shoshonitic volcanism on the Tibetan, plateau: implications for convective thinning of the lithosphere and source of ocean island basalts. Journal of Petrology, 37, 45– 71.
Venturelli, G., Thorpe, R. S., Dal Piaz, G. V., Del Moro, A. & Potts, P. J., 1984- Petrogenesis of calc-alkaline, shoshonitic and associated ultrapotassic Oligocene volcanic rocks from the northwestern Alps, Italy. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology, 86 , 209-220.
Wang, Q., Wyman, D. A., Xu, J. F., Zhao, Z. H., Jian, P., Xiong, X. L., Bao, Z. W., Li, C. F. & Bai, Z. H., 2006-  Petrogenesis of Cretaceous adakitic and shoshonitic igneous rocks in the Luzong area, Anhui Province (eastern China): Implications for geodynamics and Cu–Au mineralization.  lithos, 89, 424-446.
Wang, Q., McDermott, F., Xu, J. F., Bellon, H. & Zhu, Y. T., 2005- Cenozoic K-rich adakitic volcanics in the Hohxil area, northern Tibet: lower crustal melting in an intracontinental setting. Geology, 33, 465–468.
Wang, Q., Xu, J. F., Zhao, Z. H., Bao, Z. W., Xu, W. & Xiong X. L., 2004- Cretaceous high-potassium intrusive rocks in the Yueshan–Hongzhen area of east China: adakites in an extensional tectonic regime within a continent. Geochemical Journal, 38, 417–434.
Woolley, A. R., Bergman, S. C., Edgar, A. D., Le Bas, M. J., Mitchell, R. H., Rock, N. M. S. & Scott-Smith, B. H., 1996- Classification of lamprophyres, lamproites, kimberlites and the kalsilitic, melilitic and leucitic rocks. Canadian Mineralogist, 34, 175–186.
Wyllie, P. J. & Sekine, T., 1982- The formation of mantle phlogopite in subduction zone hybridization. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 79, 375–380.
Wyman, D. A. & Kerrich, R., 1993- Archean shoshonitic lamprophyres of the Abitibi Subprovince, Canada: petrogenesis, age, and tectonic setting. Journal of Petrology, 34, 1067–1109.
Xiao, L. & Clemens, J. D., 2007- Origin of potassic (C-type) adakite magmas:Experimental and field constraints. Lithos 95 : 399–414.
Xiong, X. L., Li, X. H., Xu, J. F., Li, W. X., Zhao, Z. H., Wang, Q. & Chen, X. M., 2003- Extremely high-Na adakite-like magmas derived from alkali-rich basaltic underplate: the Late Cretaceous Zhantang andesites in the Huichang Basin, SE China. Geochemical Journal, 37, 233–252.
Xu, J. F., Shinjo, R., Defant, M. J.,Wang, Q. A. & Rapp, R. P., 2002- Origin of Mesozoic adakitic intrusive rocks in the Ningzhen area of east China: partial melting of delaminated lower continental crust?. Geology, 30, 1111–1114.
Ye, H. M., Li, X. H., Li, Z. X. & Zhang, C. L., 2008- Age and origin of high Ba-Sr appinite-granites at the northwestern margin of the Tibet Plateau: Implications for early Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Western Kunlun orogenic belt. Gondwana Research, 13, 126–38.
Zonenshain, L. P. & Le Pichon, X., 1986- Deep basins of the Black Sea and Caspian Sea as remnants of Mesozoic back-arc basins. Tectonophysics, 123, 181– 211.