نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
گروه زمین‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران
چکیده
کانسار مس پورفیری ایجو در ارتباط با جایگیری نفوذی‌های میوسن (0/50 ± 9/27 میلیون سال؛ سن‌سنجی اورانیم - سرب زیرکن) با ترکیب تونالیت تا گرانودیوریت به درون واحدهای آتشفشانی (ولکانیکی) و آذرآواری (پیروکلاستیکی) ائوسن عمدتا شامل آندزیت، آندزیت بازالت، تراکی‌آندزیت، برش‌های آندزیتی، برش‌های توفی، توف و آگلومرا می‌باشد. در این مطالعه، رخداد و شیمی مگنتیت در نمونه‌های دگرسانی پتاسیک این کانسار مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها نشان‌دهنده رخداد محدود مگنتیت به صورت دانه پراکنده و یا به صورت محصول فرایند کلریتی‌شدن بیوتیت در پهنه دگرسانی پتاسیک می‌باشد. مگنتیت‌های پهنه دگرسانی پتاسیک کانسار ایجو فاقد هم‌رشدی هماتیت (به صورت حاشیه مارتیتی) و پاراژنز انیدریت بوده که گویای نبود شرایط فوگاسیته اکسیژن خیلی بالا (نزدیک به محدوده بافری هماتیت - مگنتیت؛ ΔFMQ +4~) در حین تبلور مگنتیت در پهنه دگرسانی پتاسیک می‌باشد. مگنتیت‌های مورد مطالعه دما بالا بوده (تا بیشتر از 500 درجه سانتی‌گراد) و همچنین بر مبنای مقادیر Si+ Al + Mg طی شرایط نرخ پایین واکنش سیال گرمابی و سنگ دیواره متبلور شده‌اند. این شواهد به همراه عدم رخداد تعادل مجدد در مگنتیت‌های دگرسانی پتاسیک کانسار ایجو، احتمالا دلالت بر عدم وجود دفعات متعدد خروج سیال گرمابی طی تکامل دگرسانی پتاسیک این کانسار و در نتیجه عدم توسعه قابل توجه آن در این کانسار دارد. همچنین شواهد نشان‌دهنده وجود مقادیر قابل توجه گالیم (میانگین 0/015درصد وزنی) در ساختار مگنتیت‌های دگرسانی پتاسیک کانسار مس پورفیری ایجو می‌باشد که نشان‌دهنده وجود پتانسیل‌های اکتشافی ناشناخته برای عناصر کمیاب راهبردی (استراتژیک) همراه با ذخایر مس پورفیری کمربند ارومیه - دختر می‌باشد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
Asadi, S., 2018. Triggers for the generation of post-collisional porphyry Cu systems in the Kerman magmatic copper belt, Iran: New constraints from elemental and isotopic (Sr–Nd–Hf–O) data, Gondwana Research, 64, 97-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2018.06.008.
Asadi, S., Moore, F., and Zarasvandi, A., 2014. Discriminating productive and barren porphyry copper deposits in the southeastern part of the central Iranian volcano-plutonic belt, Kerman region, Iran: A review, Earth-Science Reviews, 138, 25–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.08.001.
Canil, D., and Lacourse, T., 2020. Geothermometry using minor and trace elements in igneous and hydrothermal magnetite, Chemical Geology, 541, 119576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119576.
Cao, C., Shen, P., Pan, H., Zheng, L., Li, C., and Feng, H., 2020. The formation mechanism of reduced porphyry Mo deposits in the West Junggar region, Xinjiang: The Suyunhe example, Ore Geology Reviews, 117, 103286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.103286.
Deditius, A.P., Reich, M., Simon, A.C., Suvorova, A., Knipping, J., Roberts, M.P., Rubanov, S., Dodd, A., and Saunders, M., 2018. Nanogeochemistry of hydrothermal magnetite, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 173, 46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-018-1474-1.
Dupuis, C., and Beaudoin, G., 2011. Discriminant diagrams for iron oxide trace element fingerprinting of mineral deposit types, Mineralium Deposita, 46, 319–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-011-0334-y.
Ghasemi, A., and Talbot, C.J., 2006. A new tectonic scenario for the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone (Iran), J. Asian Earth Sci. 26, 683–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.01.003.
Golestani, M., Karimpour, M.H., Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, A., and Haidarian Shahri, M.R., 2018. Geochemistry, U-Pb geochronology and Sr-Nd isotopes of the Neogene igneous rocks, at the Iju porphyry copper deposit, NW Shahr-e-Babak, Iran, Ore Geology Reviews, 93, 290–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.01.001.
Hu, H., Li, J.W., Lentz, D., Ren, Z., Zhao, X.F., Deng, X.D, and Hall, D., 2014. Dissolution-reprecipitation process of magnetite from the Chengchao iron deposit: Insights into ore genesis and implication for in-situ chemical analysis of magnetite, Ore Geology Reviews, 57, 393–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.07.008.
Karimpour, M.H., and Sadeghi, M., 2019. A new hypothesis on parameters controlling the formation and size of porphyry copper deposits: Implications on thermal gradient of subducted oceanic slab, depth of dehydration and partial melting along the Kerman copper belt in Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 104, 522-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.11.022.
Knipping, J.L., Bilenker, L.D., Simon, A.C., Reich, M., Barra, F., Deditius, A.P., Wӓlle, M., Heinrich, C.A., Holtz, F., and Munizaga, R., 2015. Trace elements in magnetite from massive iron oxide-apatite deposits indicate a combined formation by igneous and magmatic-hydrothermal processes, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 171, 15–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.08.010.
Liang, H.Y., Sun, W., Su, W.C., and Zartman, R.E., 2009. Porphyry copper–gold mineralization at Yulong, China, promoted by decreasing redox potential during magnetite alteration, Econ. Geol., 104, 587–596. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.104.4.587.
Mahmoudi, E., Asadi, S., and Sharifpour, S., 2023. Micrometallogeny and hydrothermal fluid evolution of the Iju porphyry Cu deposit, NW Kerman, Iran: Evidence from fluid inclusions, Laser Raman spectroscopy, and single bond isotope systematics, Geochemistry, 125956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2023.125956.
Mirnejad, H., Mathur, R., Hassanzadeh, J., Shafiei, B., and Nourali, S., 2013. Linking Cu mineralization to host porphyry emplacement: Re-Os ages of molybdenites versus U-Pb ages of zircons and sulfur isotope compositions of pyrite and chalcopyrite from the Iju and Sarkuh porphyry deposits in Southeast Iran, Economic Geology, 108, 861–870. https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.108.4.861.
Nadoll, P., Angerer, T., Mauk, J.L., French, D., and Walshe, J., 2014. The chemistry of hydrothermal magnetite: A review. Ore Geology Reviews, 61, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.12.013.
Nadoll, P., Mauk, J.L., Leveille, R.A., and Koenig, A.E., 2015. Geochemistry of magnetite from porphyry Cu and skarn deposits in the southwestern United States, Mineralium Deposita, 50, 493–515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-014-0539-y.
Pokrovski, G.S., 2014. Use and misuse of chemical reactions and aqueous species distribution diagrams for interpreting metal transport and deposition in porphyry copper systems: Comment on Sun et al. (2013) “The link between reduced porphyry copper deposits and oxidized magmas”, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 126, 635–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.05.049 103.
Rezaei, M., 2017. Effective parameters in mineralization potential of economic and subeconomic porphyry copper deposits in Urumieh- Dokhtar magmatic zone: using geochemical and fluid inclusion studies, Ph.D. thesis, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, 204 pp.
Rezaei, M., Zarasvandi, A., Basious, S., and Zamanian, H., 2023. Occurrence of the rare minerals in porphyry Cu deposits: Evidences from the potassic alteration of Sarkuh porphyry deposit, Advanced Applied Geology, Accepted Manuscript.
Richards, J.P., 2011. Magmatic to hydrothermal metal fluxes in convergent and collided margins. Ore Geology Reviews, 40, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.05.006.
Richards, J.P., 2015. Tectonic, magmatic, and metallogenic evolution of the Tethyan orogen: From subduction to collision. Ore Geology Reviews, 70, 323–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.11.009.
Shafiei, B., Haschke, M., and Shahabpour, J., 2009. Recycling of orogenic arc crust triggers porphyry Cu mineralization in Kerman Cenozoic arc rocks, Southeastern Iran, Mineralium Deposita, 44, 265-283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-008-0216-0.
Sillitoe, R.H., 2010. Porphyry copper systems. Econ. Geol., 105, 3–41. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.105.1.3.
Sun, W., Huang, R., Li, H., Hu, Y., Zhang, C., Sun, S., Zhang, L., Ding, X., Li, C., Zartman, R.E., and Ling, M., 2015. Porphyry deposits and oxidized magmas. Ore Geology Reviews, 65, 97–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.09.004.
Sun, W.D., Liang, H.Y., Ling, M.X., Zhan, M.Z., Ding, X., Zhang, H., Yang, X.Y., Li, Y.L., Ireland, T.R.,Wei, Q.R., and Fan, W.M., 2013. The link between reduced porphyry copper deposits and oxidized magmas, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 103, 263–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.10.054.
Sun, W.D., Zhang, C.C., Liang, H.Y., Ling, M.X., Li, C.Y., Ding, X., Zhang, H., Yang, X.Y., Ireland, T., and Fan, W.M., 2014. The genetic association between magnetite–hematite and porphyry copper deposits: Reply to Pokrovski, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 126, 639-642. https://doi.org/642. 10.1016/j.gca.2013.07.038.
Tian, J., Zhang, Y., Gong, L., Francisco, D.G., and Berador, A.E., 2021. Genesis, geochemical evolution and metallogenic implications of magnetite: Perspective from the giant Cretaceous Atlas porphyry Cu–Au deposit (Cebu, Philippines), Ore Geology Reviews, 133, 104084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104084.
Wang, R., Richards, J.P., Hou, Z., Yang, Z., and Du Frane, S.A., 2014. Increased magmatic water content - the key to Oligo-Miocene porphyry Cu-Mo ± Au formation in the Eastern Gangdese Belt, Tibet, Economic Geology, 109, 1315–1339. https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.109.5.1315.
Wen, G., Li, J.W., Hofstra, A.H., Koenig, A.E., Lowers, H.A., and Adams, D., 2017. Hydrothermal reequilibration of igneous magnetite in altered granitic plutons and its implications for magnetite classification schemes: Insights from the Handan-Xingtai iron district, North China Craton, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 213, 255-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.06.043.
Wen, J., Zhang, J., Wen, H., Ling. K., Zhu, C., Fan, H., and Shen, N., 2021. Gallium isotope fractionation in the Xiaoshanba bauxite deposit, central Guizhou Province, southwestern China. Ore Geology Reviews, 137, 104299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104299.
Whitney, D.L., and Evans, B.W., 2010. Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals, American Mineralogist 95, 185–187. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2010.3371.
Yin, S., Wirth, R., He, H., Ma, C., Pan, J., Xing, J., Xu, J., Fu, J., and Zhang, X.-N., 2022. Replacement of magnetite by hematite in hydrothermal systems: a refined redox independent model, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 577, 117282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117282.
Zarasvandi, A., Heidari, M., Rezaei, M., Raith, J., Asadi, S., Saki, A., and Azimzadeh, A., 2019a. Magnetite chemistry in the porphyry copper systems of Kerman Cenozoic magmatic arc, Kerman, Iran, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science, 43, 839–862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40995-019-00677-6.
Zarasvandi, A., Rezaei, M., Azizi, S., Adelpour, M., and Saki, A., 2023b. Magnetite chemistry in the Dalli porphyry Cu-Au deposit, central Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc (UDMA), Journal of Economic Geology, 15(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.22067/econg.2023.77655.1049.
Zarasvandi, A., Rezaei, M., Raith, J., Taheri, M., Asadi, S., and Heidari, M., 2023a. Magnetite chemistry of the Sarkuh Porphyry Cu deposit, Urumieh–Dokhtar Magmatic Arc (UDMA), Iran: A record of deviation from the path sulfide mineralization in the porphyry copper systems, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 249, 107213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2023.107213.
Zarasvandi, A., Rezaei, M., Raith, J.G., Asadi, S., and Lentz, D., 2019b. Hydrothermal fluid evolution in collisional Miocene porphyry copper deposits in Iran: Insights into factors controlling metal fertility, Ore Geology Reviews, 105, 183–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.12.027.
Zarasvandi, A., Rezaei, M., Raith, J.G., Pourkaseb, H., Asadi, S., Saed, M., and Lentz, D.R., 2018. Metal endowment reflected in chemical composition of silicates and sulfides of mineralized porphyry copper systems, Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc, Iran, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 223, 36–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.11.012.
Zhang, Y., Hollings, P., Shao, Y., Li, D., Chen, H., and Li, H., 2020. Magnetite texture and trace-element geochemistry fingerprint of pulsed mineralization in the Xinqiao Cu–Fe–Au deposit, Eastern China, American Mineralogist 105, 1712–1723. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7414.
)